Q.1-What is the basic structure of PL/SQL?
Ans:- Below is the basic structure of PLSQL
Declare
Declaration Section; --Optional
begin
Executable Section; --Mandatory
Exception
Exception Section; --Optional
end;
/
Q.2-What are uses of database Triggers ?
Ans:-We can use Triggers for following purpose
1) Auditing of DML operation on table
2) Applying business rules on table
Q.3-What are benefits of PLSQL package?
Ans:-Below are benefits of PLSQL packages
1) Encapsulation/hiding of business logic
2) Security
3) Performance improvement
4) Re-usability
5) Modular approach
Q.4:-What are the differences between Function and Procedure ?
Ans:- a) Functions are used for calculations while as Procedures are used for implement business logic
b) Function always return a value that is why returning value we can assign to variable but Procedure never return a value.
c) We can call function in select statement while as we can't call procedure in select statement.
d) Call method of procedure and function are different.
Q.5- What is cursor and why it is required ?
Ans:-In PLSQL program we can not use query that return multi-row.
To handle multi-row query in PLSQL program , we use cursor . Cursor is a pointer to memory area that hold the data of query which is attached with cursor.
Q.6- What are cursor attributes ?
Ans:-Below are the cursor attributes
1) %ISOPEN
2) %FOUND
3) %NOTFOUND
4) %ROWCOUNT
Note:-Explicit Cursor attributes are used with cursor name while Implicit cursor attributes are used with "SQL" keyword.
Example:- If c1 is the name of cursor then c1%isopen for Explicit and for Implicit sql%isopen.
Q.7- What is Ref Cursor ?
Ans:-Ref Cursor is a type that can hold a query. We can use variable of this type for assigning multiple queries.
Declaration of REF CURSOR:-
Strong REF CURSOR:- type
Weak REF CURSOR:- type
Example :- type rc is ref cursor return number;
type rc1 is ref cursor ;
Assigning REF CURSOR type to variable:-
Example :- As rc & rc1 are the ref_cursor_type so these type can be assign to variable
rc_rec rc;
rc1_rec rc1 ;
Q.8- What are Collection Type in PLSQL ?
Ans:- Below Collection types are available in PLSQL
1) PLSQL Table or Associative Array
2) Nested Table
3) Varray or variable array
Q.9- What is PLSQL Table ?
Ans:-PLSQL Table is a type of Collection and is also known as Associative Array.
Q.10- What are Collection methods ?
Ans:- Below are the collection method
COUNT
DELETE
EXISTS
EXISTS(n)
EXTEND
FIRST
LAST
LIMIT
NEXT
PRIOR
PRIOR(n)
TRIM
Q.11- What is mutating table error ?
Ans:-When a trigger is going to perform DML operation on table where another DML is going on then trigger will not be able to perform action on that table and return with mutating table error.
Q.11- How can we resolve mutating table error ?
Ans:-There are different ways to handle mutating table error, some are below
1) Change row level trigger to statement level trigger
2) Make trigger to Autonomous Transaction.
3) Change before trigger to after trigger .
Q.12- What is Autonomous Transaction ?
Ans:- Autonomous Transaction is a independent transaction from calling environment means what you perform outside from autonomous transaction that does not affect to autonomous transaction.
Note :- We can make procedure and trigger to autonomous transaction by declaring "pragma autonomous_transaction" in declare section.
Q.13-What are different methods to trace the PL/SQL code ?
Ans:-Below are the different methods for tracing of PLSQL code
a) DBMS_APPLICATION_INFO
b) DBMS_TRACE
c) DBMS_SESSION
d) DBMS_MONITOR
e) trace and tkprof utilities
Q.14- What is Exception and what are types of Exception in PLSQL ?
Ans:- Exception is an error condition during a program execution. PL/SQL supports programmers to handle such conditions using EXCEPTION block in the program and take an appropriate action against the error condition.
Types of exception are
1) Pre defined Exception
2) User defined Exception
3) Un-named Exception
Q.15- What is the difference between "raise" and "raise_application_error"?
Ans:-raise:- raise statement use to raise a user defined exception, declared in declaration section of the pl/sql block,
Example:-
raise exception_name;
raise_application_error:-raise_application_error is use to display user defined error code and message for any error condition.
Example:-
RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20999, 'Eror_message');
Q.16- What are predefined Exceptions ?
Ans:-Below are the predefined Exceptions
1) ACCESS_INTO_NULL ORA-06530
2) CASE_NOT_FOUND ORA-06592
3) COLLECTION_IS_NULL ORA-06531
4) CURSOR_ALREADY_OPEN ORA-06511
5) DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX ORA-00001
6) INVALID_CURSOR ORA-01001
7) INVALID_NUMBER ORA-01722
8) LOGIN_DENIED ORA-01017
9) NO_DATA_FOUND ORA-01403
10) NOT_LOGGED_ON ORA-01012
11) PROGRAM_ERROR ORA-06501
12) ROWTYPE_MISMATCH ORA-06504
13) SELF_IS_NULL ORA-30625
14) STORAGE_ERROR ORA-06500
15) SUBSCRIPT_BEYOND_COUNT ORA-06533
16) SUBSCRIPT_OUTSIDE_LIMIT ORA-06532
17) SYS_INVALID_ROWID ORA-01410
18) TIMEOUT_ON_RESOURCE ORA-00051
19) TOO_MANY_ROWS ORA-01422
20) VALUE_ERROR ORA-06502
21) ZERO_DIVIDE ORA-01476
Q.17- What is the difference between %type and %rowtype ?
Ans:- %type take a reference for datatype from one column while %rowtype take a reference for datatype of record.
Example:- vsal emp.sal%type;
emp_rec emp%rowtype;
Q.18- What are Cursor Exceptions ?
Ans:- Below are the Cursor Exceptions
a) cursor_already_open
b) invalid_cursor
Q.19-Tell me some predefined packages
Ans:- Below are the pre defined Oracle supplied packages
DBMS_OUTPUT, DBMS_PIPE, DBMS_DDL, DBMS_LOCK, DBMS_ALERT,
DBMS_JOB, DBMS_UTILITY, DBMS_SQL, DBMS_TRANSACTION, UTL_FILE.
Q.20- What is the difference between formal parameter and actual parameter ?
Ans:- Formal parameter:-Formal parameters are the parameters which are used on the time of definition/Creation of the procedure/function.
Actual parameter:-Actual parameters are the parameters which are used on the time of calling of the procedure/function.
Q.21-What is the maximum number of triggers can apply on a single table?
Ans:- 12
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